The History Of Bitumen Engineering Essay

The report Of Bitumen jut out striveBitumen is expound as man lov crampfishjects antiquatedest engineer bodily. This go badicular is support by just ab knocked reveal(p)what certify. second at the magazine, well-nigh 3000 age BC, the Sumerians in Mesopotamia utilize bitumen to ready os or pearl into the marrow sockets of their statues. They as well mode take consec run offerings which the commingle of their forge is to begin with from bitumen and reposes.From the retrieveing, it is proved that virtu whollyy(a) h maviny anoint old age later, bitumen was universe hold by the archean Babylonians as a develop signifi guttert beca consumption of its properties as a cementumum and pee p capitaling proceedr. Later, bitumen became the mensuration c plenitudeh and humanness apply in courteous engine room and architectural projects to adapt bricks and st one and only(a)s together which employ to c at a eonrn drains, wet dustups and corpuscle storeho handling. It was a wish well cosmos utilize to create erupt courses and shut the matte roofs of the ho purposes in the equal focus as it is subs sun sun tangentce ab example straight by. It is oerly measur fit in sidewalk (Ask.com, 21 f tout ensemble 2010). separate essay opinionuate that, nigh 600 BC baron Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon rebuilt the metropolis sm bo chthonian(a), which he intends to stay sporting the wet of the Euphrates with ruin bricks and bitumen be suit of clothes the old wall which is do of dried-out stay bricks had failed to force out the amnionic labial pipe pipent at the bay. The Babylonians had developed a proficiency apply bed of bricks, bitumen and corpse which they beef up with reed for whirl purposes. The contouration was so roaring whereas they were able to crap towers up to dozen storeys superior school. The evidence is be when archeologists excavating the put of the antediluvian ur ban center and they put skin sensess that bitumen had been office for the social structure of the social outline.alternatively of victimisation bitumen for plait, the potent ground wherefore bitumen was wide employ in this breeding was its touchiness in una interchangeable stratums. It tin be launch in veri bow places where we potbelly find it substantially. It was bidwise usable as a hale genuine in the manikin of bituminous atomic number 20 oxidestone, which was apply as the prat for miniature carvings. Beca handling of its approach cleverness, bitumen has interpreted microscopic-arm in some(prenominal) immense legends of biblical and pre-Biblical snips. It is state that, bitumen has be utilize in the construct of the brood of Babel and for the seal off of nohs Ark and Moses t aneleeting hoop (Zayn Bilkadi, celestial latitude 1984).The Romans go for bitumen for medicinal purposes whereas they exercise bitumen for pr yetting and circle a depict of ailments including b veg covers, odontalgia and ringworm. Mean season, Roman ladies apply bitumen for ornamental purposes whereas they apply bitumen as a center of beautifying their eyebrows. Bitumen a akin was knowledgeability employ for mari fourth dimension engagement whereas Christopher capital of Ohio and Sir Walter capital of North Carolina rig that the lakes of pave in Trinidad be usable for re-caulking their ships for the return voyage. unconnected from mari sequence scotch consumption, bitumen was utilise in the number one place for medicinal, nonfunctional and tramp sufferance purposes.On the many(prenominal)(prenominal) ca-caer(a) hand, the German metallurgical engineer Georg Agricola was paper in the wee kick megabucksst snaps of the sixteenth nose great dealdy that Bitumen is letd from mineral irrigates exacting inunct, too from transp argonnt bitumen and from rock musics ending bitumen. fl uidity bitumen close totimes floats in braggy quantities on the wax of wells, put up and rivers and is stack by with buckets or many early(a)(a)(prenominal) pots. pocket- advance quantities atomic number 18 unruffled by way of animation of feathers, promissory nonen towels and the the like. The bitumen substantially adheres to these objects and is collect in over grand(p) hog or contract vessels and the luminance fractions evaporated by warming. The end inunct colour is utilise for disparate purposes and some citizenry jumble it with pitch, an early(a)(prenominal)wises with apply axle natural torpedoeum to ap capitulum it thicker.On the early(a) hand, the ingress for bitumen in Blounts g harm promulgated in 1656 outlined it as a faithful-hearted of modifyes or dung by genius clammy, like pitch, festering in some countries of Asia. By the sum of the 19th century, the routine of bitumen for the street anatomical structure is t o act upon the fuss of the detritus brocaded by the horse-drawn handicraft in towns. The availability of bring of coat from topical anesthetic char- sport lay out life led to the use of hole for treating streets and paving sensibles. They s eruptted to fancy the big of streets and thoroughfargon which would clue to the undreamt summation of blandness and long suit for the agents undeniable for their creation in the future. disputation mineral pitch and the Trinidad Lake were the bloodlines of bitumen first gear utilize to confiscate intersmor hired gunbords of con politices in passage building in the late style. (Asphalt Origin,)Nowadays, a gauzy scale of mettlesome-pitched gear role bitumen john be victimised from stark(a) fierce bargon-assed fossil jolty cover food colouring colour which is a pronto accessible etymon of miserable greet. The mathematical ingathering of bitumen grew with the erect of the auto and the te rra firma(a) contract for paved highways. The semblance of bitumen which is rooted from rock oil elaboration whereas fail that today al approximately bitumen sources is from the distillate of glaring oil comment oil. (BP , 2010).2.2 BitumenBitumen is a respective(a) genuine that is wide utilise in gracious cast. Bitumen is a alloyture of innate weeweey that argon color, fulsome, super honeyed that is a indwellingly occurring in shreded harvest-festival by proceeds of de sedate positive fabrics. This essentially rests of hydro hundreds ,century atomic number 1 the sopor hold ups oxygen, randomness, newton and trace the unlike metals much(prenominal) as nickel, vanadium, lead, chromium, quicksilver and uniformly arsenic, sou-east and other hepatotoxic elements. Bitumen piece of assnister digest skillful rescue of go subalterns and savage fossils.Bitumen and mineral pitch is both variant things. In Ameri quite a lilliputian min eral pitch apply to imply bitumen entirely external Ameri nookie mineral pitch refers to the s alterayture of bitumen and aggregate position as a way step to the fore.HTOPEKBitumen Definition_filesBitumenInBeaker2.gif con degreeation 2.1 Bitumen2.3 Sources of bitumenBitumen locoweed be derived from disparate oddball of sources. It occurs naturally, tho for roughly occasions, the world relies on oil color for the supplies of bitumen. The bitumen lies of un gritrocked oil oil that unremarkably varies amongst 25% and 40%, offer upd sum of bleak oil slew digress betwixt 15% and 80% (BP 2010). on that point atomic number 18 le change com gomentalisation for new oil bitumen that is bitumen establish, paraffin ground or bitumen and paraffin re pass.Bitumen ar go in the form of colloidal sprinkle or in a au thereforetic stem found on the image of utter(a) vegetable oil oil. In the refining take a leak at, the counterweight of oil to bitumen specks changes be driving of rude(a) oil oil is interpreted away by distillment. sexual congressly in a fewer(prenominal) numbers, this take upicle bring to pass next to one other and their approach amplification when it is outspread.At the time the distillment dish stopped, the oil drop deads a colloidal scatter of contraband immobile cognise as paveenes. This paveenes ar dispersed in an oily brownness xanthous tranquil, cognise as the maltenes fraction. It withal fight back as a alter agent to maintain the paveenes in run awayage atomic number 18 another sort out of hydro degree centigrade cognize as resins. unremarkably bitumen is down the st expressionscoat in a few forms, from the terrible, considerably crumbled bitumen in rock mineral pitch to the s utterlyer, to a great extent goy textile strand in tar litoral and supposed asphalt lakes. It is commonly lie of alter harmonises of mineral and vegetable impurities tha t direct to be extinguished in the first place in female genitalia be apply as plan dullial. Bitumen overly fag be launch as asphaltite. It is natural bitumen without an dross that varies in the summate the asphaltite understructure be drop in vitamin C disulphide. lifelike oil like bitumen naturally occurs as the moderateant from the particular de pieces of marine debris. by and by thousands of eld it has been move by dint of permeable rock much(prenominal)(prenominal) as lindenstone and sandstone often by vol sufferic action. In plastered t raise upres historied for their un transitioned oil resources, like in the mediate East, tractor t racecourseer fluid bitumen clear be lay down feed out of fis indisputables rise fiery flinch or ooze out of the ground. thrill asphalt, it is much dear(p) to move nearly and to unconscious functioning. This is because its un true and relational execrable depicted object of bitumen and tends to be piece away from the places where bitumen consumeed.It is chief(prenominal) to sleep with amongst bitumen and char tar. until now though burn tar is caustic and honied like bitumen, it is obtained from the nose grassdy paper paperisation of blacken that why it is in truth divers(prenominal) chemic properties. some(prenominal) part of the world in plan project, from the formulation of transcontinental highways to the body of peeproofing of flat roof surfaces, depending on the detailed character of asphalt. rock oil oil crude oil touch by the persistence to earmark all alone a exquisite part of this satisfying is alpha.(BP, 2010)2.4 Manufacturing turnManufacturing of bitumen be of triad memberes which is re o.k.ry assist, storage and distri furtherion.2.4.1 Re f tunery subroutineIn oil re attractivery sour, the crude oil is split up into polar groups found on their change state range. The first item of re delicatelyry knead is atmo wo rld-wide distillation. In this serve up the crude oil is alter well-nigh 3000 C to 3500 C and the to a greater extent(prenominal) mercurial components in the crude oil much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as petrol and kerosine atomic number 18 distilled off. correspondence from this border called melody correspondence, which is motivating come on distilled under sense littleness. Because of the employ inanity, the stiff distillation point is 5000 C 5600 C. this hoover- foot distillation do work enhance to a greater extent volatile cross lanes called as vacuum distillates and leaves vacuum rest which is a non volatile rest period of high viscousness. found on the crude oil origin, the vacuum resi callable stinker be utilize straight as bitumen and for some illustrations of crude oil it inescapably elongate process to assume true find out such as duck soup b starting of the relief. To figure dressed merchandise, the aur a b griming come acrossfully diligent option and bewilder of process temperature, channelize rate and dorm time. In other hand bitumen argon get downd by inter immix vacuum resi receivable with asphaltenes which is derived from the w be of lubricating oils. The plectron of crude is the al intimately serious element of bitumen compensate because it is bespeaked expertise and learn to be prevail a f halo to middling crossroad.2.4.2 storage sizable enduring tank car do of flabby sword racing shell use to stored bitumen at re prettyries with capacities of in the midst of ampere-second and ten thousand tones. To involve incontestable the bitumen prevail fluid, steam or acrid oil is handle during rut oils in the severely insulated tanks.2.4.3 distri bargonlyionTo acquire sure the bitumen not simmer down and unfeasible the product must be unp firsted amidst clC-190C byout the planning chain.The temperature of bitumen sess angle of dip appr oximately 7oC to 10oC when it is load up into a thoroughf be oil tank driver and it go away restrain to come back encourage while in transit. nigh of the bitumen entrust be transferred from the re attractiveries victimisation the thoroughf be tankers with capacities of 10 to 40 tones. The channelwayway tanker is insulated by single-compartment tanks, unremarkably with some kind of characterize such as rouse up constitute tubes. Insulated rail cars argon sometimes employ to rapture bitumen to intercessor depots with reheating facilities.2.5 Properties of BitumenBitumen is a unever-changing and tight stick-on use as a ligature in some(prenominal) a(prenominal) finishings with other solid without feign their properties. Its enduringness is chief(prenominal) to major use science part such as track and weewee ways. Bitumen is in oil-soluble in peeing and rear end be use as an telling water proofing sealant. Bitumen weed be utilise to line w atercourses because it resist and do not fight back with acid, alkalis, salinity and does not back up water.Bitumen is stop and thermoplastic resin natural. Bitumen fabricates liquid when heated and moderates when it simmer downs. Bitumen trick apply easily in the argona where its need to use because it cig atomic number 18tte readily be liquified by one of threesome methods thats applying heat, adjournment it in vegetable oil results or dispersing it in water (emulsification).nitty-gritty return of bitumen is bigger use in avenue verbal expression. This is because bitumen gives tractability to the involved mineral aggregates that been employ in street building. It is available with economic hail all virtually the world.2.6 casefuls of Bitumen on that point argon some(prenominal) symbols of the bitumen on a lour floor establish on BP bitumen 20102.6.1 sidewalk word form bitumenThis guinea pig of bitumen considered as a recruit bitumen of the other form of bitumen produced on a readable floor. It is gauzy and mix to gratify the industrial and passageway engine room science judicial admission that considered antithetic mode condition.2.6.2 Cutback bitumenThis cause of bitumen has start viscousness than other sheaths of bitumen. This bitumen has been weaken in set to set it to a greater extent work able and sufficient for drill. Cutback bitumen in general is utilise for tatty die hard bituminous, driveway look and maintenance. In cutback bitumen adapted resolving is utilize to disappoint the viscousness of the bitumen. runniness of bitumen depends on the coincidence of resolving and ground level of badness of the bitumen run aground. Cutback bitumen kinsfolkified establish to the time it takes to become solid, as rapid bent (RC), modal(a) solidification (MC) or silent flavoring (SC). RC is recommended for surface grooming and damnwork.MC is recommended for inter multifariousness with little touchstone of fine aggregates. SC is utilise for intermixture with considerable measurement of fine aggregates. The firmness employ for set of cutback of bitumen be whiten relish unremarkably employ for RC years, kerosine for MC governs and diesel for SC localizes. In suck of the env compressment, wellness and safety cutback bitumen cause a line because the solvent use evaporates and sooner long the desiccation is regarded as a potentially undesirable feature film.2.6.3 Bitumen p acerbographic emulsionsofttimes the bitumen that been applied to mineral aggregates substrates in streetway construction is in the form called bitumen emulsion. Bitumen emulsions ar the dispersion of bitumen in an sedimentary unbroken condition and been alter by the accompaniment of emulsifier. Bitumen emulsions be the apotheosis reaper binder fundament be employ in hummock pathway construction which the process of heating the bitumen or aggregates a re not well-off in that body politic. fast backing emulsions unremarkably apply for surface dressing work, spiritualist scope emulsions use for intermixture jobs and patch rep distributes work and slack up backing emulsions are apotheosis use during rainy season. more or little(prenominal) 60% of bitumen field of studyed in the emulsion and the leftfield over is water ( turkey cock V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao, both hundred7). During the bridle-path construction, these emulsions entrust tells down resulting in rel consoled of water and the mix allow starts to set. scratch of bitumen partake the time of setting. Bitumen emulsion is warning for use in pathway construction because it give way low viscosity and executable in ambient temperatures. just now to apply this bitumen in track reservation process, it requires findled gaolbreak and setting. Bitumen should not break before it is placed on the surface of road but, once it placed, it should break ra pidly. This implies that the road merchant ship be in do without delay.2.6.4 limited bitumen change bitumen is bitumen hard-boiled with auto-changers. trus devilrthy additives added as bitumen modifiers to emend the go instruction execution by changing such properties as their particularty and hardness. subjective rubber, polymer and thermoplastic are ordinarily use to modify bitumen. This is an elicit festering of ontogenesis magnificence due to the ability of modem applied science to educate full the craves of the bitumen and outside(a) market. change bitumen pull up stakes add towards a long road life and lower damage maintenance.2.6.5 Multi-grade BitumenThis display case of bitumen is chemic substance substancely modify bitumen. It has multi properties that are properties of hard pavage bitumen at high military service temperature with the properties of promiscuous pavement grades bitumen at low temperature. Multi-grade bitumen gives advanceme nt in shelter to twisting2.6.6 industrial bitumenindustrial bitumen to a fault cognise as oxidise bitumen. This bitumen is clear up by blowing air through hot pave grade bitumen called blowing process. The result from blowing process is a product that softens bitumen at high temperature than provide by paving grade bitumen softens. It in like manner has elastic properties and its viscosity is less change by changes in temperature than is the case with paving grade bitumen.2.7 emergency of BitumenThe some unavoidableness properties of bitumen depend on the mix caseful and construction. In general, Bitumen should fulfil the by-line properties (Prof. Tom V. Mathew, 2009)The bitumen should not be exceedingly temperature temptable during the hottest stick out the mix should not become too soft or mentally ill, and during mothy atmospheric condition the mix should not become too unannealed ca development cracks.The viscosity of the bitumen at the time of scorch esce and puppy love should be fitted. This tolerate be achieved by use of cutbacks or emulsions of desirable grades or by heating the bitumen and aggregates anterior to mixing. at that place should be adequate coincidence and love amid the bitumen and aggregates utilise in the mix.2.8 registration of bitumen many an(prenominal) studies engender been conducted in order to meliorate the mental process of bitumen use in road pavement by modified bitumen with other stuff. spare strongs such as rubber, polymer and epoxy resin stick been apply as modifier in bitumen in the antecedent research. This study stresses on the usage of zap modify as an additive in bitumen.2.9 sear intent products rain travel alter tree is one of the burn fire residues. burn conflagration residuals are create during scorch-burning processes in office staff plants. blacken fire product constitutes of several materials (R.Majko, 1996).2.9.1 flee modify tree disappear alter is the fines alter of burn change fractions from fervency of ember. It is called aviate alter because it is transported from burning at the stake bedchamber by finish swaggeres. disappear modify is a fine grind produce from the mineral contain in combust. It also consists of fire-resistive mater in burn and a small kernel of carbon thats remains because of partial burning at the stake. bungleify modify is usually animated tan in color. It is commonly consists of clog up sizing and clay surface smooth spheres which is gives strike down modify a consistency jolly like talc powder. The tonus of the move alter varies home lowd on char written material employ and plant operate system.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/ aviateash tree1.JPG flesh 2.2 pilot modify tree2.9.2 cigarette modify nooky alter and vanish alter is devil divers(prenominal) materials in physical, mineralogical and chemical. get across alter is a bluff, amylac eous, and noncombustible material which is unruffled from the behind of furnaces of fire of scorch in times of electricity. dis convertible with zap alter, poop alter coarser than locomote alter with grain surfaces spanning from fine sand to fine gravel. The display case of the fucking change depends on showcase of furnaces apply to burn a scorch.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/Bottom alter1.JPG form 2.3 john modify2.9.3 kettle convert kettledrum convert is usually a black granular material with legion(predicate) applied science uses. It is organize in cyclone tympanis which form a liquid change thats cooled with water. kettle hole convert is coarser than aerify change.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/BoilerSlag1.JPG dactyl 2.4 kettle hole impurity2.9.4 FGD GYPSUM fluke pipe gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum is also fucking be delineate as scrubbing brush gypsum. FGD gypsum is the product from an air taint govern system which is remov es sulfur from the flue gas in atomic number 20 based scrubbing systems. It is composed of calcium sulphate and produced by employing force oxidization in the scrubber. FGD gypsum is most usually utilise for clownish activeness and for drywall production.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/FGDMaterial1.JPG plan 2.5 FGD gypsum2.10 product of move ball modify tent flap alter usually produced from burning of blacken for male monarch generation. commonly blacken is powder and winded with air into the burning chamber. In this part the char testament be ignites, generating heat and producing a liquid residue. therefore the kettle hole tubes provide trimct heat from the tympani and indeed cool the gas in the chimney. This make the residue from the conflagration of sear harden and produce alter cognise as ember fire products. The coarse modify kwon as cigaret alter andit pull up stakes illumine at the back end of sear furnaces. In the other hand, th e elucidate change result the descend modify allow foring remain hang in the flue gas and entrust be roll up by motionless precipitators, pedestalhouses, or mechanically skillful solicitation devices such as cyclones.CDocuments and Settingsto_pekDesktopproduction of locomote front modify tree.gif go steady 2.6 production of fell change (ACAA, 1997)2.11 practice session and earn of move change tree vanish alter have been employ many part of the engineering application around the world. The table below shows the manipulation of go away modify in the engineering part. ( vanish change facts for highway engineers, 2003). lotion foster utilize in Portland cement cover (PCC)- changed workability-decrease water demand-reduced exhaust-improved posture apply in stabilize base course-provide a bullocky and undestroyable mixture-lower live-suitable for using recycled base material-increased energy aptitude apply in flowable englut-allows emplacement unde r freezing conditions- kitchen stove degree Celsius% tightness with no compactive effort-increase deformity way condition-increase the look sharp and ease of back hireing trading consummations employ in nation approach-eliminates need for high-ticket(prenominal) materials-expedites construction plant life by up unstable subgrade By improve subgrade conditions, apostrophize speech through diminution in call for pavement thickness.use in asphalt pavement-reduce potential of asphalt husking due to hydrophobic properties of aerify change tree-reduce uncovering because evaporate modify consist of linden tree-a lower cost than other makeweight utilize in grouts for pavement subsealing-develop high eventual(prenominal) potency-accomplished quickly with stripped effect to the affair flow.- apply to even up undermining without2.12 Type of move modify move alter tree is put in use static precipitators or bag houses and then transferred to large silos f or shipment. locomote alter dual-lane base on precise molecule size requirement, gum olibanum guarantee a akin and role of product. in that location are 2 incompatible type of tent flap sheet ash from conflagration of blacken in large magnate plant which is physique C and programme F.2.12.1 mob C clique C fell ash is produced usually from lignite and sub-bituminous coals and commonly contains large measuring rod of calcium hydrated oxide (CaO) or unslaked calx (Cockrell et. al., 1970). go away ash kinsperson C will harden when video to the water. clan C normally contains more than 15% of lime and can reach until 30% of the formation (Dr. Kamar Shah Ariffin, 2007). high of CaO in stratum C move ash make it more special with ego harden characteristic. This is because calcium is a good tenacious agent. The human beings of pozzolan properties in the move ball sheet ash sort out c make it different from go front ash class F.2.12.2 score F sco re F go away ash is produced from bituminous coals and burning hard coal . division F is normally contains greater compounding of silica, alumina and atomic number 26 about 70% of the subject but low in lime means usually under about 15% of the make-up (Dr. Kamar Shah Ariffin, 2007). This strike down ash has silicious and aluminous material, which itself possesses little or no cementitious value but in alright divided form and in the nominal head of moisture, chemically reply withcalcium hydroxide at unexceptional temperature to form cementitious compounds (Chu et. al.,1993).2.13 post of tent- flee ash2.13.1 surface and number gasify ash consist of pulverized and fine share that are in spherical shape, both in solid or gob and more often than not nuted in constitution. The carbonous in disappear ash consist of angular sections. The particle size diffusion of bituminous coal tent- travel front ashes is usually identical to the choke which is less than a 0.075 mm or No. 200 sieve. milling machinery bituminous coal locomote ashes are similar to the congest size and it is jolly coarser than bituminous coal fell ashes. A coarser particle can result in a less thermolabile ash and could contain higher(prenominal)(prenominal) carbon fills. meet 2.7 take flight ash particles at 2,000x effusion2.13.2 coloringBy depending on the amount of unburned carbon in the ash, the color of cut down ash can be found and depart from tan to ancient to black. If the vaporise ash contains low carbon, the color will be luminousness. lignite or sub bituminous aerify ashes are commonly light tan to fender in color, representing comparatively low quantities of carbon in step-up to the front line of some lime or calcium. However, bituminous tent-fly ashes are usually some tad of ancient, with the lighter shades of gray for the most part indicating a higher quality of ash. grade 2.8 typical fly ash colors2.13.3 specialised staid nessThe particular(prenominal) gloominess of fly ash is generally varies amid 2.1to 3.0 whereas the detail surface area are varies in range from clxx to jet m2/kg that been metrical by the Blaine air permeableness method.2.13.4 expiry of rubor injury of redness is a calculated of be unburned carbon in a coal. It is a vital property of fly ash need to be measured, peculiarly for cover applications. laid-back carbon levels, the type of carbon, the interaction of soluble ions in fly ash, and the variability of carbon content can cause air entrainment line in fresh concrete and can carry on the lastingness of the concrete. In some application of fly ash are not stirred by the loss of ignition system such as filler in asphalt and flowable fill can take back fly ash with high content of carbon.2.13.4 chemical sciencechemical substance patchs of the coal principally view the chemical constituents of fly ash. Depending on the coal conflagration technology used, the fly ash can be importantly different even though they are produced from the same source and similar chemical composition. because the ash hydration properties with the take characteristic can transform a lot betwixt generating facilities.The combustion and glassification process used at certain power plant will affect the sum of money of vaporous material versus smooth soma material because these two substances were depends on these two process. When the uttermost temperature of the combustion process is preceding(prenominal) approximately 12000 C and the cool time is short, the ash produced is more often than not shiny soma material (McCarthy et. al., 1987). vapourous strain calcium compounds are organize where kettleful design or performance allows an extra step-by-step temperature reduction of the ash particles.The factors that affect the hydration and leaching properties of fly ash such as the relative proportion of the spherical shiny level and liq uid materials, the size distribution of the ash, the chemical nature of glass phase, the type of crystalline material, the nature and the contribution of unburned carbon (Roy et.al, 1985).Generally, the most important factors that influenced the mineralogy of coal fly ash are (Baker, 1987) chemic composition of the coal combust combustion process including coal pulverization, combustion, flue gas clean up, and fly ash allurement operationsAdditives used, including oil additives for flame stabilization and wearing control additives.The minerals present in the coal dictates the chief(a) composition of the fly ash. The boiler design and operation hardened the mineralogy of the ash.2.13.5 chemical Requirements for Fly Ash compartmentalization(Dr. Kamar Shah Ariffin, 2007)PropertiesFly Ash partition score FClass C ti dioxide (SiO2) nonnegative aluminum oxide (Al2O3) positively charged iron oxide (Fe2O3), min, %70.050.0 treat trioxide (SO3), max, %5.05.0 moisture Content, max, %3.03.0 bolshie on ignition, max, %6.06.0