History of Economic Thought Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Economic Thought - Term Paper ExampleThese colonies after annexation could only manage with its colonizers. Policies such as export subsidies and tariff trade barriers further promote biased foreign trade. In essence, the aim was to encourage exportation and explicitly reject importation (Murphy 2010, p.288). However, capital equipment or tools that would benefit foreign countries could not be exported. Nonetheless, governments supported exploitation of raw materials within the countries boundaries. Other states supported the growth of inhabitation industries by use of incentives such as exemption from tax or earning of pension for successful industries. Even immigration of competent laborers to foreign countries faced barricade to maintain competitive advantage (Harris cc4, p.3). Undoubtedly, governments saw this as a sure way of making their countries rich. As such, this theory spread quickly and lasted for over 200 hundred years as the dominant guideline to foreign trade. However, Vaggi (2003, p. 16) argues that mercantilism rose in relation to the existing problem rather than a drill of thought. The Renaissance period in Europe saw by far the greatest influence of this theory. Between the 15th and 18th century especially, governments embraced this doctrine that all-embracing up to the early modern period. Countries such as France, Britain, Germany and Italy are some of the examples of countries that utilized this theory. These periods marked the decline of the feudal systems in Europe (Murphy 2010, p.289). There was latent hostility within and outside Europe states as a result of wars mostly resulting from resistance to colonization and political aggregation caused by territorial expansion. The measure of wealth was in terms of precious metals, for instance, gold and property and as such government sought out these metals with valor. The wars fought during this period aimed to acquire more gold and silver or alternately to prevent from lo sing gold and silver (Vaggi 2003, p.16). The main advocate for this theory is the French man Jean-Baptiste Colbert. During his reign as the finance minister for France, he implemented many policies that endeavored to support this theory. For instance, foreign vessels received higher port duties while French vessels did not pay port duties. This theory in escort to Colberts policies took on a monopolistic structure. This is because the aim was to ensure that the state is the sole producer and hence supplier of products. The state also had complete obligate of the prices for both suppliers and consumers. In England, the most noted mercantilist was Thomas Mun. This form of trade had its advantages, and it helped the economy of those nations to grow considerably within that period. Case in point is the ample reduction of the price of products within the economy because the state creates economies of scale. However, this is only realistic in regard to a purely competitive market struc ture. Economies of scale make grow from the states ability to make abnormal profits from its trading activities. Secondly, industries are not afraid to take risks because the government supports them. This theory led to the growth of local industries and trade. topical anesthetic companies became international trade powerhouses for instance former British East India Company. In regard to politics, this theory is by far the greatest advocator of Nationalism because its survival of the fittest depended on it (Harris 2004, p.5). While the most noted influence to the decline of the

Describe a time when you experience a classroom as a community. How Essay

Describe a time when you experience a classroom as a participation. How did the teacher create it How did it feel to belong to this - strain ExampleThe place was like a community to me as the bringing together of people with different backgrounds and ideologies was really worthwhile. The teacher ensured that the students in the classroom were commensurate to interact with each other and probably learn more from the older group. This act by the teacher exposed the flaws of the education system where students are target in the same class with students of their peer group. The teacher created this community in such a way that the students were given the opportunity to acquire skills that would make them blend easily into the society. The teacher made the students to have a deep sense of belonging as that act gave the students the opportunity to interact socially with other members of the donnish community (Koch 28-31). It is true that schools shelter students from the opportunitie s of enlightening that exposure to wider social, ethnic and mixed age groupings might afford them as they would be restricted to the knowledge that is indoors the school. The teacher made us aware in the classroom that the real lessons of life are not learnt within the walls of a school, but in the community or the society as the case may be. The teacher adequately prepared us for the challenges of a larger community and the society as a whole.

Letter of Recommendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Letter of Recommendation - Essay ExampleShe has a solid knowledge base of the types of the appropriate injections for patients.She is a very near employee and during her time here at the hospital she had the opportunity to learn ab stunned patients from diverse backgrounds and who had a wide variety of illnesses. These health issues ranged from physical injuries, emergency health situations, and timely patient c be provision. In my professional opinion, she would excel in any hospitals emergency department as she is tireless in providing quality reinforcing stimulus to doctors. She also excels at all tasks given to her throughout her shift. While working with us she showed superior problem-solving skills and an outstanding critical thinking ability which was evident in the way she managed various situations that she encountered in the hospital. Her ability to make quick and wise decisions in carrying out her functions even under high-stress environments is unsurpassed. She is dili gent in giving medications and referrals to patients, and she worked or so the x-ray duties remarkably.She is a hardworking lady and did exemplary work with the patients. She always took her time to take the vital signs readings of all the patients whenever they came to the doctors room. Her interest in monitoring the blood pressure and pulse of the patients, as well as their temperature showed that she took the required steps in diagnosing patients. She was always eager to find out what various readings of vitals meant and it took her very little time to manage to recognize a hypertension patient.This lady is an avid learner and a team player, subtile on ways to improve herself to better suit both the patients and hospital needs. She is very dependable in her work, having impeccable case notes that are always up to date. She holds herself highly in matters regarding ethics and integrity.Her daily routine involved her interacting with patients,

Monsanto paper critical analysis Essay Example for Free

Monsanto paper critical analysis EssayaTitle A review of core issues relating to the global adoption of genetic exclusivelyy modified foods. As we ar confronted by more and more cultivation, it is of great importance that as global citizens we endeavour to form our own conclusions by thoroughly analysing factual data. Often information we are presented with washbasin carry a vast undertone of additional, and usually bias information, which conveyed through language, body language, and even in extreme, but uncommon instances, unperceivable messaging.Professionals in environmental management must be able to efficiently draw unbiased conclusions by filtering large quantities of information and communicate their findings effectively. In environmental management, global issues typically generate the most controversy. Currently, a global movement to abolish genetically modified foods, is raging. As scientific certainty that challenges the precaution of GMOs mounts, global prot ests and national governments are rejecting genetically modified foods, in particular the notorious company Monsanto.This subsidisation is aimed at evaluating key literature relating to the prophylacticty of GMOs using the correct models developed in critical analysis for environmental management in hope that informative and unbiased conclusions open fire be force.Table1The finding of this table is to briefly summarise five quotations of literature using methods gained in the course to aid in the development of a delineate plan for assignment two. Reference/SourcePublication TypeBrief SynopsisApplication of Course ConceptsComments germane(predicate) to planning the draft reviewGilles-Eric Sralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Jol Spiroux de slantmois (2012) Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food and chemical Toxicology 50. Pg4221-4231 Peer Reviewed ledgerThis paper discusses the health effects of roundup tolerant genetically modified maize cultivated with roundup weedkiller on rats over two years.The lead author on this paper is comfortably known for his stance against genetically modified organisms and has published numerous papers in the past relating to the same topic. The paper is well university extensiond but acknowledgments many of the lead authors previous papers, which gives the impression of universe prejudiced. It stands alone today as the longest toxicity study of GM NK603 maize and the commercialized herbicide it was designed to grow with.The nature of this article is intended to target an audience of professionals and members of the industry alike. However, due to its contentious conclusions, it has attracted far more attention through the media. The paper claims to have evidence demonstrating that rats feed genetically modified maize cultivated with roundup were twice as more likely to suffer a previo us(p) death and 70% more likely in females over a two year period.Since its release many have claimed it to be solid evidence of the negative effects of ingesting GMOs, but it has come under equal fire from Monsanto and new(prenominal) scientific academies. They have claimed that flaws exist in the design of the experiment, its statistical analysis, and usance of a rat species prone to tumour formation (MacKenzie 2012).However the same species of rat was apply in the Monsanto paper, which Seralini was challenging (Hammond et.al 2004). As the paper had attracted much attention, and at that place had been no protocols in place for studies of its kind, the European Food Safety Authority released its guidelines which generally validated the paper in question (EFSA 2013).According to the results, the common prison term frame of 90 days is an lean time frame to thoroughly analyse the toxicity of GM foods as the first signs of tumours occurred between four to 7 months into the study . A startling result shown in figure1 shows an increase in mortality rates in males per the intentness of roundup. However not much attention is drawn to this. Confronting photos of these rats clearly in satisfying pain with tumours equating to 25% of their body mass are so illustrated provoking an emotional response in the reader. as well few rats were too used in the control groups with only 10 of each sex.This paper go forth be useful in demonstrating the extent of apparent bias seen across much of the inquiry ab bring pop out GM foods. It was also purposely designed to mimic the methods used in Monsantos paper (Hammond et.al 2004). It claims to pop the question strong contradictory views that can be used in setting the context of the debate.The flaws present in experimentation and obvious intention of generating manity can be elaborated in assessing key elements of the controversy. B. Hammond, R. Dudek, J. Lemen, M. Nemeth. (2004) Results of a 13 workweek safety assur ance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn. Food and Chemical Toxicology 42. Pg 1003-1014 Peer Reviewed JournalAll three authors of this paper are associated with Monsanto, who also provided the funding for the paper, making the paper extremely bias and leaving no board for alternate interpretations of findings. As the strain of maize had not been adopted worldwide it can be assumed that the authors were motivated publish data confirming the safety of the product. It thoroughly documents the studys methodology and references a wide be given of literature. A large number of test drug-addicteds were used in each group. stringent results are shown and are clear and easy to interpret.The paper claims to have found minimal changes in body weight, haematology and urine chemistry, and in that locationfore deem these results to be insignificant as they fall within an average of 2 standard deviations of the population of reference controls. A paper authored by Searli ni analysed data of the paper in question, noticing a significant increase in effects with relation to the dosage of GM feed specifically the group fed a 33% concentration of NK603 Maize. Stating that the differences are of greater concern than suggested by Hammond (Spiroux et.al 2009).Even though these differences are acknowledged in the papers discussion, thorough interpretation of their possible impacts over an encompassing period of time are not discussed. As the paper reflects the current standard of evidence used for the approval of GMOs, it can be used to point the many gaps in knowledge. This testament help to reveal how disrespect having inconclusive results, it is still deemed to be thorough enough to ap attempt GM foods for widespread consumption. This speaks to broader issues regarding insufficient regulatory systems.It will also be used to specifically compare the findings of Seralinis paper (Seralini et.al 2005). Judy A. Carman1, Howard R. Vlieger, Larry J. Ver Ste eg, Verlyn E.Sneller, Garth W. Robinson, Catherine A. Clinch-Jones, Julie I. Haynes, John W. Edwards. A long-term toxicology study on pigs fed a combined genetically modified (GM) soy andGM maize diet. Journal of organic systems. Pg38-55Peer Reviewed JournalA long-term toxicology study of 168 pigs carried out over 22.7 weeks ( be the normal life span of a commercial pig from weaning to slaughter) in order to compare the effects of diets including mixed GM corn and soy and the commercial non-GM counterpart. The lead author has long been associated with anti GMO research and is the director for the Health and Environmental Research institute. The paper was published in the Journal of Organic Systems, a journal funded by the Organic Federation of Australia.The paper itself was partly funded by the Government of Western Australia, who currently favours GM crops. The second co-author Howard Vlieger is a farmer that promotes organic food production and also provided funding towards the pa per. The paper claims to have successfully created a real world experiment by using product acquired from commercial farmers in accordance with the USA piggery practice. It is clearly specified how the feed was prepared and administered but does not specify the involve conditions in which it was grown.The results of their study are shown to indicate that there was no significant changes in total body weight and death rates were similar with 13% and 14% for the non-GM fed and GM fed groups respectively. But that significant changes in stomach inflammation and uterine weights were apparent and attributed to the difference in diet as other variables were controlled for. However, the study in question has its own shortcomings, and does include significant additional variables that damage the reputation of the paper. For example, the control groups food source was contaminated with a median of 0.4% GM products in Maize and 1.6% in soy, a problematic technicality in a paper trying to pro ve negative effects in GM.It is stated however that similar amounts of GM contamination occurs in non-GM material in the United States but does not reference this claim. Finally the GM feed contained four different varieties of feed increasing the variables and making it impossible to pin point an individual feed as do harm.The author is clearly trying to change the current dogma surrounding GMOs by referring to multiple short term toxicity studies, criticising the test subject species, the way in which feed was administered, variables used to come to their conclusions and time-frame in which the studies were carried out. It is suggested that as the study utilised pigs instead of birds orfish that the data gained is more relevant to human consumption.The lead authors strong connection to the Seralini research team and fundamental flaws in experimentation can be emphasised in the context of the debate. Furthermore, as the paper has taken a different approach to setting up parameters , this can easily related to the commercial industry. It can then be concluded that the paper has particular agendas as the general public is a target audience is targeting the public audience and preaching to convert.Aysun Klc, Turan Akay. (2007) A three multiplication study with genetically modified Bt corn in rats Biochemical and histopathological investigation. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46. Pg1164-1170 Peer Reviewed JournalThe study was carried out across three generations of female Wistar Albino rats divided into three groups, with the third being fed a diet of BT transgenic corn. The lead author of this paper is an independent detective from the university of Hacettepe in Turkey. She has published many papers on the subject of toxicity with relation to food additives and GMOs. The nature of the paper is intended for an academic audience. The authors recognize the controversial nature surrounding the issue. Their results are approached in an entirely unbiased nature by sta ting they feel a substantiated answer to the safety of GM foods cannot be derived from the uncommitted literature.The paper is thoroughly referenced with a wide range of sources but makes no obvious mention to the source of funding. The paper came to the conclusion that no significant changes in body and organ weights were found, but minimal histopathological differences were noticed in the liver and kidneys as well as creatine, protein and globulin changes in a biochemical analysis. seek subjects were already 11 weeks old before GM feed was administered interfering with results.The concentration of GM feed was 20% which is shown to have less of a measured affect as suggested in Seralinis review paper (Spiroux et.al 2009). The paper notes the strain of GM maize used but provides little information for the GM unleash variety. Instead of utilising their available resources to test multiple variables the study uses two control groups and only one GM fed group.This paperwill provide a contrast to the other 3 papers sited as it holds no bias. Even though it has no pre-determined opinions, it still fails to provide definitive results, and the study itself has various shortcomings. This can again be used to show how a general neediness of quality scientific research is a key factor in hotheaded the ongoing debate regarding the safety of GM foods.Public Attitudes towards biotechnology in Australia. Australian Government, Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research.Public surveyResults of an Australian survey of public attitudes from 2009-2010 with relation to the biotechnology industry. The paper thoroughly discusses the Australian publics opinions regarding GMOs, also detailing its various other applications in the biotechnology industry. It concludes that 67% were pass judgment of GMOs as they realised its potential benefits. However it does show that support of GMOs has in fact decreased slightly since 2007, but that half of those opposed would c hange their topographic point if long term evidence suggested GM food was safe. A further 45% of the opposed public would reconsider if detailed labelling explained what had been modified and why.Yet despite the surveys thoroughness in many areas, there are still issues. The survey presents its findings in a way that suggests it is representative of opinions of the intact of Australia, but only 1,086 people were surveyed. thither is also very little explanation of the methodologies used to attain the results, nor are any of the exact questions given to the participants provided. As such, there is potential bias as questions can be designed to give a particular response.Furthermore, it is unclear as to what information about GMOs was provided to the participants, which could influence their opinions. This source will be used to summarise the effect the debate is having on the Australian public. The survey demonstrates that the controversy exists within both the scientific community and the public domain. It also helps to reveal the lack of clear information available for GMOs and how this affects consumers. This will help to confirm how divided opinions are in both the scientific and public arenas.Literature Review draft outlineUpon researching the topic it became quickly apparent that even though GM technology is well established being utilised in countries over the globe, there is still vast amounts of doubt over its safety and economic value. Long term toxicity papers were the focus of the draft plan as they were the source for the majority of controversy. After inspecting the papers I noticed opinionated research and data analysis as well as a lack of observational explanation and sly tactics. Section heading(approx. wordlength)Brief outline of contentIntroduction (300)The introduction will discuss the debate that is currently being waged about the safety of genetically modified crops. This is an issue that has divided scientists and consumers alike on o ne hand many advocate for its safety and extensive benefits, piece of music others are troubled by the lack of information regarding its long term health effects.I will analyse several key studies which have all played a significant role in this debate and have endeavoured to provide studies that both support and refute the safety of GMOs. I will also outline other topics surrounding the controversy, such as the need for government authorities to more closely regulate GMOs, specifically the privatised biotechnology companies who are generally responsible for their production.From here I will discuss the role Monsanto, an American biotech company, has played in the controversy, including information about Monsantos history, and their involvement in research and distribution of GM crops. An integral part of the analysis and discussion will focus on the current lack of reliable scientific data as nearly all research carried out about GMOs is plagued with inaccuracies and conflicts of interest. From a close analysis of all of these sources, it will ultimately be clear how the controversy is being largely fuelled by the lack of reliable scientific data. History of Monsanto (300)This will elaborate on statements made in the introduction, and continues to assess the history and development of the issue. It will be necessary to discuss Monsantos belief that to account for the worlds growingpopulation, new biotechnologies need to be developed. However, the trustworthiness of the company should be called into question given its extensive history that involves the development of such detrimental products as Agent Orange.Furthermore, there are many instances where previous Monsanto employees have later been employed at various government agencies, such as the FDA, suggesting a possible conflict of interest. It will also be relevant to discuss the range of crops that are being modified, and their prevalence across the world today. What is driving the controversy (500)Th is section will form arguments questioning ideas and methodology from the literature that have determine the issue to date, such as Conflicting results Sralinis paper shows an increase in mortality rates per roundup concentration, while Hammonds paper disregards these findings as they fall within an average of 2 standard deviations of the population reference controls. Increased variables due to poor experimentation Kilics paper used 11 week old rats which had been consuming an unspecified feed before the experiment commenced.Carmens paper showed that trace amounts of GM feed had contaminated control groups. general this shows how a lack of consensus about studies findings, and problematic data continues to fuel the controversy. This is where I will site the survey conducted by the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research.Implications of thecontroversy (500)The ongoing debate surrounding the safety of GM crops has many varied and significant implications, particula rly for consumers. inclined the quagmire of conflicting evidence, it becomes extremely difficult for consumers to make informed decisions about the products they buy. It is also necessary to discuss how inaccessible much of the available data is for the general public as vast majority of studies released are targeted to other scientists.These studies consist of extensive graphs and complex tables that are nearly impossible for the everyday person to decipher. This then leads to the public having to upon others to interpret the research, which can be informed by personal bias, creating misinformation and further confusion about the topic. Broad interpretation of the issue/consider otherfactors.(500)In this section I will broaden the desktop and refer to other aspects of the GMO debate. It is important to discuss the widespread environmental effects herbicides used on GMO crops have, especially on bee populations. As an integral part of our ecosystem, a significant decline in bee p opulations can have disastrous effects across the globe. There have also been various instances where GM crops have been incidentally cross-contaminated with non GM crops.This gives rise to a myriad of issues from lawsuits between Monsanto and farmers, and for organic farmers such contamination can mean they are discredited, and many other issues besides. There are also other problems regarding Monsantos reluctance to release its scientific data for independent researchers to interpret.Conclusion (250 to300 words)From an analysis inclusive of all significant aspects of the GMO debate, it will be clear that it is the lack of sufficient data and consensus about potential health effects that continue to fuel the controversy. Because there have been no unyielding long term studies conducted about health effects GM foods may have, it is impossible to definitively say one way or the other whether they are safe for us to eat, or not.This creates a situation where bias and conflict of int erest is rife as each side of the debate has the opportunity to continue to vie for their respective beliefs. In a broader social context, this creates much confusion as the everyday consumer has no reliable information to make decisions by, and is thus susceptible to misinformation. Given the prevalence of GM foods and that we consume them over the course of a lifetime, consumers concerns are wholly justified, and until conclusive and unbiased data is released, the debate will continue.Key vocalise Search/DatabaseMonsantoGeoBaseGlyphosateCAB AbstractsGMORoundupReferences1. Debora MacKenzie. (2012). Study linking GM crops and cancer questioned. Available http//www.newscientist.com/article/dn22287-study-linking-gm-crops-and-cancer-questioned.html?full=true.UhQOP94_7IU. Last accessed 25th aug 2012. 2. Aysun Klc, Turan Akay. (2007) A three generation study with genetically modified Bt corn in rats Biochemical and histopathological investigation.Food and Chemical Toxicology 46. Pg1164 -1170 3. B Hammond, R Dudekb, J Lemena, M Nemetha. (2004). Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 45 (1), 1003-1014 4. European Food Safety Authority. (2013). Considerations on the applicability of OECD TG 453 to whole food/feed testing. EFSA Journal. 11 (7), 33-47. 5. Flachowsky G, Chesson A, Aulrich K. (2005).Animal nutrition with feeds from genetically modified plants. Arch AnimNutr 591 40. 6. Jol Spiroux de Vendmois, Franois Roullier, Dominique Cellier,Gilles-Eric Sralini. (2009). A relation of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian Health . International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 5 (7), 706-726. 7. Gilles-Eric Sralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Jol Spiroux de Vendmois (2012) Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize.Food and Chemical Toxicology 50. Pg 4221-4231 8. Judy A. Carman1, Howard R. Vlieger, Larry J. Ver Steeg, Verlyn E.Sneller, Garth W. Robinson, Catherine A. Clinch-Jones, Julie I. Haynes, John W. Edwards. A long-term toxicology study on pigs fed a combined genetically modified (GM) soy and GM maize diet. Journal of organic systems. Pg38-55 9. IPSOS-Eureka Social Research Institute (2010) Public Attitudes towards biotechnology Australia, Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research

Troubleshooting Evco Insurance Network Essay Example for Free

Troubleshooting Evco Insurance Network EssayThe interlocking manager himself not keeping quest after of the growth of the engagement , coupled with the return of an unspecified number of computers from storage back into the network, are conditions that would encourage the network congestion currently experienced by Evco Insurance. This is further confirmed by the fact that the worst network congestion occurs where the network has experienced the most expansion in the last six months the merchandise department. Several motives come to mind, with the presentation of the scenario for Evco Insurance. The first cause that comes to mind is in regards to the computers pulled out of storage. It is affirmable that since the computers were pulled out of storage, the configuration of the TCP/IP settings may withstand conflicted with newer additions to the network. This would affect the computers within the market department, since these particular computers were deployed there, and any other computers that share the same settings.This would explain the some of the causes of the network congestion and the solution would be to amend or reconfigure the settings on the affected computers. This is a basic error, however, and would mostly affect only the individual computers that have conflicting settings and would not be the most presumptive cause, though it may contribute to the congestion. Related to the first possible cause is the possibility that there are hardware errors that were unchecked when the computers were assigned to the new marketing personnel. A particular concern is the network cards of those computers taken from storage. One such error causes the network card to continuously transmit junk entropy into the network, flooding the network with unnecessary data and slowing down connectivity in which case even just one such computer can cause the whole network to slow down.Actual settings of network adapters and switch ports may also have conflictin g settings. Both these hardware /settings errors can contribute to the network slowdown in the Marketing department, and both can be located using a combination of actually checking each computer and checking how far on the network a command or ping can travel. Another possibility, but not the last possible cause, is the actual physical cable connections of the Network. A 100BASE-TX can have up to 100 meters of twisted copper cable per segment length, which must be rated at least category 5.While it is possible that the network itself has been poorly maintained, and that individual cables within the physical network are causing the error, it may be more likely that there are problems or errors in the physical connections recently added to the network, since the problem of slow connectivity was experienced after the addition to the network. Ranging from poorly-maintained cables, using the wrong category of cables, or even the correct flake of cable connected or the incorrect crimpi ng of the cable can lead to network slowdown. Any of these three, or perhaps none of them, could be the cause for the network slowdown experienced in the Marketing department of Evco Insurance. There could be other reasons for the problem, though these are the three possible causes that immediately came to my mind.

Understand Different Approaches To Management And Leadership Commerce Essay

Understand Different Approaches To Management And Leadership Commerce Es hypothecatesteve Ballmer, Microsoft. Without a doubt, Mr. Ballmer is the pip CEO of a large publicly traded Ameri erect ships party today. Not only has he singlehandedly steered Microsoft out of some of the troubledest growing and most propertymaking(a) tech markets (mobile music, handsets and tablets) but in the process he has sacrificed the growth and profits of not only his accompany but eco organisation companies such as Dell, Hewlett Packard and even Nokia. The come to of his bad loss leadership has ext cease far beyond Microsoft when it comes to destroying shareholder value and romps.Microsoft peaked at $60/share in 2000, just as Mr. Ballmer in like mannerk the reins. By 2002 it had fallen into the $20s, and has only rarely made it back to its current low $30s value. And no wonder, since execution of new rollouts were constantly delayed, and ended up with products so lack in any enhanced value that they left customers scrambling to find tracks to avoid upgrades. By Mr. Ballmers receive admission Vista had everywhere 200 man-years too much cost, and its launch, years late, met users avoiding upgrades. Windows 7 and Office 2010 did nothing to excite tech users, in corporations or at home, as Apple took the leadership position in personal technology.So today Microsoft, after dumping Zune, dumping its tablet, dumping Windows CE and otherwise mobile products, is still the homogeneous company Mr. Ballmer took control over a decade ago. Microsoft is PC company, nothing more, as demand for PCs shifts to mobile. Years late to market, he has bet the company on Windows 8 as thoroughly as the future of Dell, HP, Nokia and others. An insane bet for any CEO and one that would have been avoided entirely had the Microsoft Board replaced Mr. Ballmer years ago with a CEO that netherstands the fast pace of technology shifts and would have kept Microsoft current with market trend s.Although hes 19 on Forbes list of billionaires, Mr. Ballmer should not be allowed to take such incredible risks with investor money and employee jobs. Best he be retired to enjoy his fortune rather than deprive investors and employees of building theirs.There were a lot of notable CEO qualifyings in 2012. interrogation in Motion, Best Buy and Ameri preempt Airlines are just three examples. But the 5 CEOs in this column are well on the way to take their companies into the kind of problems those 3 have already discovered. Hopefully the Boards will start to pay closer attention, and take action before things worsen.Some say that Steve Sinofsky, credited with bringing order to the some quantifys-chaotic software development process at Microsoft partly by cutting layers of oversight, should be the man to replace Steve Ballmer.Meetings with Sinofsky feces be tough, colleagues say, but he doesnt swear like Gates or scream like Ballmer.Sinofsky has blogged at length about his focus sing ideas, and even taught a management class at Harvard Business School. Some of his best blogs were used as the basis for a book called One Strategy Organization, Planning, and Decision Making, published by Wiley in 2010, which he co-authored with a Harvard academic.Sinofsky writes in his blog about cutting the number of double-deckers between him and the lowest rung of the Windows unit of measurement to three or intravenous feeding from seven previously.This streamlining, along with rigorous planning, has become his signature at Microsoft, but has ruffled some feathers at the company because it has reduced the number of general manager positions, where good deal got to use a wide variety of skills, and focused instead on the core functions of making software developing, testing and managing specific programs.But fewer dispute the results.For sure it mattbedtens the organization, it definitely eliminates fiefdoms, said the former Windows executive. circuit board Gates had the most amazing mind Ive ever encountered. You could show him a PowerPoint slide and he would ask why it was different from the one you showed him three years ago, said another former Microsoft executive. Steve Ballmer is the most intuitively mathematical person Ive ever trimed with. Steve (Sinofsky) is neither of those things.Sourceshttp//www.forbes.com/sites/adamhartung/2012/05/12/oops-5-ceos-that-should-have-already-been-fired-cisco-ge-walmart-sears-microsoft/3/http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46556568/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/t/microsofts-next-steve-windows-boss-faces-biggest-test/.UAVLf_Wqnm4RoleAn executive in the committee jobed to adviseMicrosoft CEO Steve Ballmer has just assigned you to conduct an investigation into how a sample of organisations, including Microsoft and one other company of your choosing, approach the management of their activities. Your analysis will extend into an examination of organisation structure and burnish, as well as management m ode.Tasks use the facts of the company presented in the case above and that of another company of your choosing, analyze and contrast different organisational structures and stopping points (1.1)Explain how the relationship between an organisations structure and culture canister impact on the performance of the business (1.2)Discuss the factors which influence individualist behaviour at work (1.3)Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations (2.1)Explain how organisational theory is the foundation for the practice of management (2.2)Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisation (2.3)GRADING psyche is achieved by meeting all the requirements defined in the assessment criteria.Merit Identify and pass on strategies to find appropriate solutions (M1)Characteristics / Possible register physical exertion of comparative chart that is sufficiently detailed to show that an effective approach to study and research has been applied to two organizations.Select and apply appropriate methods/techniques (M2)Characteristics / Possible Evidence Appropriate methods have been applied in organizational structure, culture and approaches to management related to given organizations as well as sources are justified.Distinction Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions(D1)Characteristics / Possible Evidence creativity has been used to generate and justify valid comments on approaches to management and styles of leadership.Take responsibility for managing and organizing activities (D2)Characteristics / Possible Evidence independence demonstrated and substantial activities have been planned, managed, and organised related to the practice of management and leadership.A subject area ON MICROSOFT AND FEDEXS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES AND CULTURESPrepared forMr. John Andre (Lecturer)Organizations and BehaviorBanking Academy, HanoiBTEC HND in Business (Finance)Prepared byTRAN MAI TRANG AMYRegistration No. ITP F05-229 (F05A)Submit Day twenty-first November, 2012Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONThe assignment is about six outcomes of Organizations and Behavior subject. The scenario company is Microsoft, founded in 1975, which is the worldwide leader in software, services and solutions that help tidy sum and businesses realize their full potential (Microsoft, n.d.).The other company to compare with Microsoft is Federal Express Corporation (FedEx Express), the largest company in providing a portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services under the FedEx brand. FedEx Express is an express transportation company, offering time-certain pitch within one to three business days and serving markets. FedEx Ground Package System, Inc. (FedEx Ground) is a willr of small-package ground delivery service. FedEx Freight Inc (FedEx Freight) is a provider of less-than-truckload (LTL) freight services. FedEx Corporate Services, Inc. (FedEx Services) provides t he Companys other companies with sales, marketing, teaching technology, communications and back-office support (FedEx, n.d.).This assignment is going to explain and compare the organizational structures, cultures, leadership styles and performance of these two companies to find out about the organizational theories that underpin the practice of management.1.1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture1.1.1 Microsofts structure and cultureMicrosofts Organizational Chart(The Official Board, 2012)According to the chart above, Microsoft has a flat structure. We can see that Microsoft has five product groups are Windows belong Windows Group, Server Software, Online Services, Microsoft Business and Entertainment and Devices. Each product group, which focuses on a specific line of goods and services, has one executive reports directly to the CEO. Each group has its own RD, sales, and customer service staff (Daft, 2009). This structure allows larger spans of con trol. Microsoft also has a matrix structure which works alongside the flat structure. Thematrix structure is a structure where project teams are made up of workers with various specialisms from different functions of a business (BPP, 2004). The legal structure of Microsoft is Limited Liability Company because the company went public on March 13, 1986 (Time, n.d.).Microsoft has a task culture because it is a huge company with 94,420 employees around the world, just 56,934 in USA only (Microsoft, n.d.). It is unimaginable to manage a firm of that huge amount of workers with a person culture or a power culture.A two-time award-winning diarist Kurt Eichenwald described Microsofts work culture as the cannibalistic culture a management system known as stack-ranking a program that forces every unit to declare a certain percentage of employees as top performers, good performers, average, and poor effectively crippled Microsofts ability to innovate, leading employees to compete with each other rather than competing with other companies (Vanity Fair, 2012).1.1.2 FedExs structure and cultureFedExs Organizational Chart(The Official Board, 2012)FedEx Corporation FedEx, introduced express delivery to the world in 1973, and is the worlds top express delivery service. The organizational structure of FedEx is flat. According to Organizational Behavior A Strategic Approach, FedEx Corporation should change their structure, because it adopted a multi-divisional structure (Hitt, Miller Colella, 2005). The corporation gives operative authorities to the subsidiaries. Operating independently, each subsidiary manages its own specialized network of services. FedEx employed over 280,000 employees worldwide (FedEx, n.d.), so apparently they have a task culture. The culture of FedEx is also market driven culture. All they disturbance about is the customers their culture center on the customer. They possess a strong customer-service organizational culture (McNeal, 2011).In short, both Microsoft and FedEx Corp. have a new style of management which is flat structure and task culture. However, FedEx is flatter than Microsoft in organizational structure. To look deeper, we can see differences in their culture as one cares about money, the other one cares about the customer.1.2 Explain how the relationship between an organizations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business1.2.1 MicrosoftMicrosoft has a flat organizational structure and a task culture which is consider the new method of management. It is believed to be the right way to manage a company. This seems to works well when Microsofts 2011 revenue reached $69 billion (Microsoft, 2011). They make a very huge amount of money. The flat structure creates a lower hierarchy of power in Microsoft. It also allows CEOs direct involvement to make decision process quicker and less time consuming.Microsoft was topped ranking of the worlds 25 best multinational workplaces released by The Grea t Place to Work Institute (Industry Week, 2011). It is noticeable that employees satisfy their running(a) surround in Microsoft. However, the stack ranking program can kill Microsofts creativity. The destructive management technique can be seen the key problem in Microsoft its management system (Frederick Allen, 2012). It can lead to risk of losing big amount of money.1.2.2 FedExFedEx increased revenue 12% in the February-to-May quarter and 13% in the fiscal year that ended May 31, reporting total annual revenue of $39.3 billion (William Cassidy, 2011). It is a large amount of money. The culture of FedEx influences its employees to work more effectively. It encourages them not only work hard but also work skilful. FedExs managers also make right decisions, catching up with market trends and changing business needs.1.3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at workThe factors which influence individual behavior at work are personality, perception, attitude, abilit y and aptitude, conflict, stress, and change.For the people of Microsoft, their personality is highly competitive. As discussed above, it is obviously that Microsoft has the culture of competition so the people who are working in a competitive culture will become competitive. If they are not save competitive, the culture will itself make them competitive. Because they are competitive, they know how to get the money from customers and they will do it so well.Microsoft had always been characterized by a culture that was extremely competitive. When the company introduced new products then rocketing sales, the people responsible for the products did not meet to celebrate. Instead, they found what could have been done better instantly. Therefore, the company had always been a leading competitor, and Gates often sent out memos to remind employees about the competitive threats ahead. Gates truly drove a culture of innovation and vision (Microsoft multitude Problems, 2003). Thus, people were promoted to strive for the highest standards. However, when Gates left, Steve Ballmer has been a new CEO. Steve has been driving a culture of production rather than innovation (Kurt Eichenwald, 2012). For example, two ex-employees reviewd on Glassdor (Glassdoor is a website that collects information about workplaces and companies) that stack ranking made Microsoft be a less desirable place to work and higher stress workplace (Julie Bort, 2012).One more thing is that, Microsoft has discrimination between black and white workers of the corporation. In 2001, a group of current and former employees accused Microsoft of racism. The seven African American people required $5 billion in compensation, claiming they were paid less than their fellow employees and repeatedly passed over for promotions given to less-qualified white workers. The workers also claimed to have been subjected to racial harassment and retaliation when they complained. According to Willie Gary, who is a lawyer, p ointed to 1999, government statistics that showed only 2.6% of Microsofts 21,429 employees, and only 1.6% of the companys 5,155 managers, were black (BBC, 2001).2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership style in different organizations2.1.1 MicrosoftBill Gatess leadership styles are participative style and authoritative style. The reason is that, Gates involved his subordinates in decision making so they were good at delegating. He is a flexible person and he recognized his role was to be visionary of the company. Whenever needed, he brought professional managers for managing. Gates is a strong and energizing person. His enthusiasm, hard working nature and judgment skills reflect his personality. His motivating power and involving his friends to working with him became the success of Microsoft (Dip Kumar Dey,n.d.). Besides, Gates paid special attention to recruit and retain the best talent. He believed that the recruitment of talented software engineers was one of the mo st critical elements in the software industry. Gates looked for recruits who included the capacity to grasp new knowledge cursorily and deep familiarity with programming structures. Despite a great number of potential recruits applied for jobs at Microsoft, Gates assumed that the best talent would never apply directly. Consequently, Microsofts HR managers had to hunt for the best talent and offer them a job. Giving autonomy to his managers, Gates delegated authorities to managers to run their independent departments. Gates involved a little in autocratic style, because control is basic to his nature and his management practice. He had an obsession with detail and with checking up. He tried to monopolize the World large Web software market and had legal problems with the department of justice. Also he did not like complaints (Dhananjay Kumar, n.d.). Microsoft used these styles of leadership very well as the company has great performance with net income of $14.569 billion (2009).2.1. 2 FedExFedEx has a complex leadership style. The leadership style is combined between affiliative style, participative style and democratic style. Because FedEx has a flat structure the managers give their subordinates authorities so they are good at delegating. Also, to be able to give subordinates authorities, they must trust their workers. Workers at FedEx are smart people so they do not want to be told what and how to do things. FedEx Corp. under the guidance of CEO Fred Smith has been named the TopCorporation of the Decade by Fortune magazine (Dumain, 2004). Smithwas determined to make employees an integral part of the decision-makingprocess, due to his belief that when people are placed first they will provide the highest possible service and profits will follow (FedEx, n.d.).Microsoft and FedEx have different leadership styles so they apply it differently to create different working environment for their workers. However, they both earn a huge amount of profit and manage thei r company so well. FedEx seems to have the right way to apply its leadership style on its employees than Microsoft.2.2 Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management2.2.1 Theory X and YIt can be easily seen that Microsoft and FedEx use the Y theory. Because both companies care about how their employees feel. Furthermore, workers at Microsoft and FedEx are smart people so they do not want to be told things. Workers at Microsoft and FedEx are very ambitious, passionate and affiliated to their work. Because the work load at Microsoft is very pressure but there are still many people wish to work at Microsoft. Because the stipend they pay is high, $87,965 for normal employees and much higher for managers, engineers or directors. They all have a regular salary over $100,000 each person (Salary List, 2011). Theory Y is about trust. Both Microsoft and FedEx have flat structure authorities are given through the chain. Therefore, they must trust the workers. It creat es not only the trust of managers in workers, but also the trust of workers in managers. This theory helps to build a strong relationship among workers and managers and then it leads to a strong organization. It is obviously that Microsoft and FedEx are both strong in structure, culture and financial.2.2.2 Scientific managementFedEx doesnt apply this theory in its management. Because based on the theory, the application of this approach was to break each job down into its smallest and simplest component parts or motions (BPP, 2004). Although the theory improves productivity, it creates de-humanity in the organization. Moreover, everyone at FedEx is smart and talented. Therefore, it is wastes to hire smart people to tell them just do the same job day by day. Scientific management doesnt work in an organization that needs innovation and ideas like FedEx.2.2.3 BureaucracyUnder the dominated decade of CEO Steve Ballmer, Microsoft applied this theory in its management. For this reason, M icrosoft was complained that toxic environment and bad managers for anyone who want to join the corporation. Current and former employees in Microsoft were affected seriously by bureaucracy and management of the company for years (Matt Rosoff, 2011). According an article, employees in Microsoft were more concerned with impressing bosses than creating things (Rebecca Greenfield, 2012). They have no incentive to innovate. Nothing has changed at all since the departure of former CEO Bill Gates. It seems to be Steve Ballmer applied an inefficient management system. All things have not worked out.2.3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations2.3.1 Human relation approachBoth Microsoft and FedEx use this management approach to manage their organization. As analyzed above, Microsoft cares about its employees in a do by way. Steve Ballmer applied a management system which damage peoples creativity, making them to be bored with their work. Now the domina nt tech company belongs to Apple.For FedEx, they care about their employees in a different way. They give employees passion and convenient facilities that allows workers to be more develop. Both Microsoft and FedEx know that how workers feel affects how well they work. However, this method is about what workers think, doesnt matter how the leader thinks about the workers. It is matter that the leader can create an image in the workers mind that they are what the leader wants them to believe they are.2.3.2 The contingency approachIt all depends is what we can define this theory. Managers of both Microsoft and FedEx have find out what is the suitable way to manage, not to find out what is the one right way to manage. This is considered the new management way. Microsoft and FedEx are the new organizations everything is international, everything is new, everything is faster and everything is turbulent (BPP, 2004). This managing method fits these two organizations because organizations c hange all the time.This method worked very well for FedEx as the leader of FedEx lead the company through the economic crisis in 2008 to survive (The New York Times, 2012)In total, contingency approach is the correct choice for their management.CONCLUSIONHow an organization achieves its goals and become successful is the managers and leaders concern. Therefore, leaders and managers should build good relationship with their subordinates as well as good organizational structure, culture and good leadership style.

Importance Of Tropical Rainforests Environmental Sciences Essay

Importance Of equatorialal Rainforests Environmental Sciences EssayRecently the global modality changed anomalies, the temperature bound a lot in many countries in Europe, heat wave, hurri deale ca utilize many deaths in America, even Asia appear anomalous July snow weather and We all sock that it is causing by climate change. For regulating climate, Rainforest play an important role, the destruction of tropical rainforest which is the most serious eco development problems encountered in modern decades. These tropical rainforest is non only for a variety of animals, plants, and insects, an important for living perches off environment and tropical rainforests are also closely associated with climate change. Human as short-sighted and completely selfishness , felling a large number of rainforests, non only testament destroy the natural environment which makes a variety of biological extinction, and climate changed, the last human will peril.Location and distributionTropical ra inforests are located a vast the equator. Mostly between the Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer, This distance is thus called the band of the tropics. Solar might will be most intense in this area because the sun will shin immediately onto this area without giving an angle to it. The sun will shine all year long, about 12 hours a day thus providing enough energy for plants to do photosynthesis. The rainforests are distributed in South and Central America, Africa, Oceania (the island around Australia), and Asia. Although widely distributed, tropical rainforests cover only 7% of the states surface.ClimateTropical forests are normally warm year around with temperatures from 72-93F. This is with the exception of taint forest, which is commonly cooler because of its high elevation. The temperature of the tropical rainforests usually stays the same all years long only with a small fluctuation that is only about 0.5F throughout the year. There is a high amount of cloud covering t he tropical rainforests, which will result in the high humidity. This huge amount of cloud will also prevent the plants from dying out during the time of the year when rainfall is not as much. Because it will make the air moist and wet for the plants.Tropical rainforests are high rainfall. It was the rainfall that they experience each year them into the unique characteristics. The usual rainfall day is about 130-250 days per year and the humidity will always stay about 80%. The variation of the temperature of tropical rainforests is also actually small between day and night, usually about 10F. Due to the huge amount of rainfall, tropical rainforest will not experience hot or cold seasons throughout the year, but it will experience wet and dry seasons.The humidity of tropical rainforests is resulted by the rainfall, constant cloud over, and transpiration of the leaves. Some larger rainforests add together to the formation of train clouds, and generates about 75% of their own rain.T he Deforestation of tropical rainforestRainforests, macrocosm the earths greatest biological treasure, are important to us. However, we human being are losing more than half of it now. Unfortunately, in order to have access to resources such as wood, in order to create can be used for other(a) purposes of the tropical rainforest land, deciduous forest and subjected to rapid destruction of today. Now, in the aftermath of the history of the tropical rain forest is the largest and the fastest pacing of Habitat change and species extinction.Deforestation increases the amount of carbon dioxide and other pollutions in the atmosphere. The environmental experts estimated that we are losing 138 plants, insect species and animals in every single day ascribable to rainforest deforestation.The importance of tropical rainforestRegulating climate features Rainforest will absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, oxygen on Earth by 40% of the total, are transmitted through the tropical rainfo rest in the Amazon area. Tropical rainforest is only a small surface of the Earth, soon enough it is influence of the air that we breathe and climate in the world. For instance, plants and trees in the manufacture of food will absorb CO2 and release oxygen, but humans and other animals and plants that depend on this oxygen to breathe. Therefore, the tropical rainforest is playing a very important role to make a balance in the alimentation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. But today the human multitude fossil fuels, a large number of harvested wood, resulting in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increase in allows incoming solar radiation, the Earths surface is then reflected out of the cumulative heat is the average global temperature rise, causing serious greenhouse effect.Rainforest can regulation regional rainfall, it is like a giant sponge, during rain, trees absorbed most of the moisture, the moisture absorption by root to the leaf surface to allow pee to water vapor forms released into the air. After the water vapor formed a cloud, then become rains, rain formation brings the life to the arid place. If the rainforest is felled, cloud formation and precipitation will also decrease so many places there will be loss of drought and crop harvest.The impact of climateThe destruction of tropical rainforest will cause global climate changes, as mentioned earlier, the forest will absorb carbon dioxide, and emit oxygen, when rainforest felled, earth will lose this functionality, and increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere make the greenhouse effect, which causing the lower atmosphere global average thawing 1.5-3 c, the Arctic region is warmer. In addition to regulating the climate, forests increased rainfall, loss of forests is also drought will happen. volume should wake up, think about tropical rainforests is not just for themselves, but for other species and resources can make a sustainable living on earth, so we s hould make some action to value our rainforest for example, the government can establishment of a national park or national scenic area, protected flora and fauna, or act may be more stringent, control valve forest activities. And the most important is educate people, instill ecological knowledge, let us understand that the protection of tropical rainforests. For individual, people avoid the use the wood products as far as possible. Also, encouraged to use of recycled products and support for environmental protection.ConclusionTropical rainforests are important resources that could not be replaced. By destroying the tropical rainforests, we are destroying the ecosystem and environment, which in turn threaten the human species ourselves. Laws should be enforced to help in the preservation of tropical rainforests.